Causative Verb

Pengertian Causative Verb

          Causative verb adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa subject tidak bertanggungjawab langsung terhadap aksi yang terjadi melainkan seseorang atau sesuatu yang lain yang melakukan aksi tersebut.

Fungsi dan Rumus Causative Verbs

          Kalimat causative verb terbagi menjadi 2 macam, yaitu active dan passive causative. Pada kalimat active causative verb, agent (yang mengerjakan aksi) diketahui. Sebaliknya, pada kalimat passive causative verb, agent biasanya tidak disebutkan.

Let, make, have, dan get merupakan causative verb yang umum digunakan.

Contoh :

Aktif :

• ·       I had my sister take that glass
• ·       Andy had Lillie check the paper
• ·       He got his father to buy a ball
• ·       The student had the teacher speak slowly
• ·       Wil you let me go now?
• ·       The manager makes her staff work hard
• ·       My father lets me choose my own future carrier.
• ·       The woman made her daughter eat up the chicken
• ·       The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
• ·       Nina had her friend take her result test

Pasif

• ·       I got my car cleaned
• ·       I had my jacket cleaned yesterday
• ·       I had my computer fixed
• ·       I had my house renovated last week.
• ·       Steve  got the money saved in the bank.
• ·       Dina got her bedroom cleaned.
• ·       She had his book returned as soon as possible
• ·       My Father had the house decorated last week
• ·       I have the speaker loaded.
• ·       Robby gets her hair cut

  

Sumber :

·       http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-causative-verbs

·       http://inggrisonline.com/pengertian-causative-verb-have-get-make-beserta-rumus-dan-contoh-kalimat/

Pengertian Degree of Comparison

Degree of comparison adalah bentuk adjective atau adverb yang menyatakan perbandingan. Ada tiga degree of comparison, yaitu: positive, comparative, dan superlative degree.

Macam, Aturan, dan Contoh Kalimat Degrees of Comparison

Positive Degree

Ketika digunakan untuk menyatakan perbandingan, positive degree harus digunakan bersama kata as. Positive degree memiliki bentuk standar tanpa perubahan: big, carefully, difficult, easy, rich, etc.

Contoh:

1.      The task is not as difficult as you imagine.

2.      He drives as carefully as my father in the residential area.

3.      My new assistant can write reports as quickly as we can

4.      His money is not as much as your money.

5.      English exam so easy for me

Comparative Degree

Comparative adjective dan comparative adverb digunakan untuk membandingkan dua hal. Kebanyakannya adjective atau adverb satu suku kata ditambahkan akhiran -er, sedangkan dua suku kata atau lebih diawali dengan kata more. Khusus untuk dua suku kata adjective dengan akhiran -y, akhiran tersebut dihilangkan lalu ditambahkan -ier. Ketika berada di dalam kalimat, degree of comparison ini biasanya ditemani kata than.

Contoh:

1.      Your heart is colder than ice.

2.      I run faster than you did.

3.      I am easier to forget a problem than she is

4.      The student is quicker to learn English than her friend.

5.      The worker seemed more tired than the other.

Superlative Degree

Baik superlative adjective maupun superlative adverb berfungsi untuk membandingankan tiga atau lebih hal. Mayoritas satu suku katanya ditambahkan akhiran -est, sedangkan lebih dari satu suku kata diawali dengan kata most. Adapun untuk dua suku kata adjective dengan akhiran -y, akhiran tersebut dihilangkan lalu ditambahkan -iest. Ketika berada di dalam kalimat, superlative degree diawali dengan kata the.

Contoh:

1.      I run the fastest in my class.

2.      Your heart is the coldest of all.

3.      I’m the most handsome among my friends.

4.      He is the richest man in this country.

5.      This is the simplest recipe to make a cucur cake.

Sumber : http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-degrees-comparison

Adjective & Adverb (kata sifat dan kata keterangan)

Adjective (kata sifat) memberikan informasi tentang kata benda. Contoh:

    She’s an excellent dancer.

    I’ve got a new apartment. Adjective (kata sifat)

Adjective bisa ditempatkan sebelum kata benda. Contoh:

    This is a beautiful bird.

    “This is a bird beautiful.” tidak benar.

Kata sifat memberikan informasi seperti ukuran (kecil, besar), bentuk (bulat, persegi), warna (kuning, hijau), kebangsaan (Cina, Polandia), dan opini (baik, buruk).

Adjective tidak mengalami perubahan yang tergantung pada jumlah (tunggal atau jamak). Contoh:

    She has a cute puppy.

    She has three cute puppies.

Perhatikan bahwa adjective (cute) tidak mengalami perubahan baik dalam bentuk tunggal (puppy) maupun jamak (puppies).

Adjective juga bisa ditempatkan setelah kata kerja tertentu seperti be, feel, look, dan taste. Contoh:

    I’m really happy today.

    She’s got a new job so she feels great.

    You look wonderful!

    This chicken tastes delicious.

Adverb (kata keterangan) merubah kata kerja, yakni kata keterangan menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu dilakukan. Contoh:

- She learns quickly.

- You can speak English well.

Adverb sering dibentuk dengan menambahkan -ly di belakang adjective. Contoh:

    quick (adjective) - He’s quick at learning new things.

    quickly (adverb) - He learns quickly.

    bad (adjective) - He didn’t get a bad test score.

    badly (adverb) - He didn’t do badly in his test.

Untuk adverb yang terbentuk dari adjective yang berakhiran dengan huruf “-y” ganti “-y” dengan “-i” dan tambahkan “-ly“. Contoh:

    easy (adjective) - He thinks math is easy.

    easily (adverb) - He can do math easily.

    happy (adjective) - He’s a happy man.

    happily (adverb) - He works happily every day.

Untuk adverb yang terbentuk dari adjective yang berakhiran dengan huruf “-le” ganti “-le” dengan “-ly“. Contoh:

    simple (adjective) - The teacher makes difficult things simple.

    simply (adverb) - He teaches simply and clearly.

Beberapa adverb sama dengan adjective. Contoh:

    He runs fast (adverb) - He’s a fast runner. (adjective)

    He studies hard. (adverb) - It’s a hard life. (adjective)

Adverb untuk “good” adalah “well“. Contoh:

    She’s a good pianist.

    She plays the piano well.

Adverb juga bisa mengubah adjective dan adverb-adverb lainnya. Contoh:

    That’s a good book.

    That’s a very good book.

    She’s a talented girl.

    She’s an incredibly talented girl.

    You’re right!

    You’re absolutely right!

Sumber: http://englishonline.blogdetik.com/2009/08/12/adjective-dan-adverb-kata-sifat-dan-kata%20keterangan/

CONDITIONALS SENTENCE

Conditionals can be simply defined as "conditional sentence". In the sentence there are three types:

1.            Conditionals: Type 1 (Open Condition)

In a Type 1 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future.

If clause (condition)	Main clause (result)
If + simple present	simple future
If this thing happens	that thing will happen.

As in all conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. You may have to rearrange the pronouns and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the clauses, but the meaning is identical.

Examples

• If Doni is late again I will be mad.
• I will be mad if Doni is late again.
• If you don't hurry, you will miss the plane.
• You will miss the plane if you don't hurry.

Function

The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. These sentences are based on facts, and they are used to make statements about the real world, and about particular situations. We often use such sentences to give warnings. In type 1 conditional sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real.

Examples

• If I have time, I'll finish that letter.
• What will you do if you miss the plane?
• Nobody will notice if you make a mistake.

In type 1 conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of the future tense to express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.

Examples

• I may finish that letter if I have time.
• If he calls you, you should go.

2.      Contionals : Type II (Improbable/Imaginary Condition)

Conditonal type describes something we expect to happen or simply fiction. And expressed by the verb past tense (both past tense for past dependent future clause and tense in the main clause).

Conditional pattern type II - A

MAIN CLAUSE (Principal clause) INDUK KALIMAT	IF	DEPENDENT CLAUSE (Condition Clause ) ANAK KALIMAT
Past Future Tense	IF	Past Tense
Consider the example below:
Mother would be angry	IF	She saw reading this book

Example :

• She would pass test, if she studied hard.
• He would help the poor if he were a millionare.
• He woulf support me, if I bad a match.

Pola II – B

Pola  conditional type II-B

IF	DEPENDENT CLAUSE			MAIN CLAUSE
IF	Subyek	Were	-	Subyek	Would/should
IF	Plural ( you, we, and they)	Were	5 years older	( you, we, and they)	Would be needed here
IF	Singular (I, He, She, It)	Were	5 years older	(I, He, She, It)	Would be needed here

Example :

• He would help your homework if be were able to
• If I were you, I would study hard
• I would take the offer if I were you

3.      Conditionals : Type III (Unfulfilled Condition)

This pattern is used to express that something did not happen due to certain conditions not happen.

The pattern of conditional type III, as follows :

MAIN CLAUSE	IF	DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Past future Perfect Tense (Would have / Should have)	if	Past Perfect Tense ( had / had been )
I should have left for Bandung You would have disturbed me She would have slept soundly The teacher would have scolded me	If	I had money You had shouted loundly She had been drowsy I hadn’t examined him I had been absent He had been in emergency The judge had asked him

SUMBER:

·         Prastowo Panca, 2008, Panduan Tepat Menguasai Tenses Bahasa Inggris, cetakan pertama, penerbit : Diva press

·         http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/type-1-conditional/